Polyethylene glycol

Summary

Polyethylene glycol is a laxative used to treat constipation and used for bowel preparation before colonoscopies and other procedures.

Brand Names

Bi-peglyte, Clearlax, Colyte, Gavilax, Gavilyte-C, Gavilyte-G, Gavilyte-H and Bisacodyl, Gavilyte-N, Gentlelax, Gialax, Glycolax, Golytely, Healthylax, Miralax, Moviprep, Nulytely, Peglyte, Pegylax, Plenvu, Purelax

Generic Proper name
Polyethylene glycol
DrugBank Accretion Number
DB09287
Background

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a constructed polymer produced via polymerization of ethylene oxide molecules to make joining units of ethylene glycol by an ether linkage.two,3 PEGs are h2o-soluble polymers that can form hydrogen bonds in a ratio of 100 water molecules per one PEG molecule.2 Molecular weights of PEGs vary by time of the polymerization process and the molecular weight represents the weighted average of the individual PEG molecules. PEGs differ in their physical and chemic properties depending on their molecular weight: PEGs are liquids when molecular weights are <1000 and the molecule turns to waxy solids with increasing molecular weights.3 The about common preparations of PEGs include PEG 3350 and PEG 400. PEGs have diverse applications in many fields, ranging from medical to industrial areas. PEGs have a long history of gastroenterology: PEG 3350 is a common over-the-counter osmotic laxative used to salve occasional constipation.8 PEG 3350 is also used for cleansing of the colon in grooming for colonoscopy in adults.five

The rationale of using PEG in gastroenterology is due to the physical backdrop of the compound: its potent water-binding chapters, negligible abdominal absorption with increasing molecular mass, lack of significant toxicity, and express intestinal enzymatic deposition or bacterial metabolism all brand PEG a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of occasional constipation and bowel cleansing for preparation in colonoscopy.1

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Vet approved
Synonyms
  • Macrogol
  • Macrogol 3350
  • Macrogol 4000
  • Macrogol 6000
  • PEG
  • Polyethylene glycol 3350
  • Polyethylene glycol 4000
  • Polyethylene glycol 6000
Indication

Polyethylene glycol is indicated for use equally an over-the-counter osmotic laxative to relieve occasional constipation.viii When used in combination with sodium ascorbate, sodium sulfate, ascorbic acrid, sodium chloride and potassium chloride, information technology is used for cleansing of the colon in grooming for colonoscopy in adults.5

Reduce drug development failure rates

Build, railroad train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.

Build, train, & validate predictive motorcar-learning models with structured datasets.
Associated Conditions
  • Chronic Constipation
  • Constipation
  • Dry Eye Syndrome (DES)
  • Dry Eyes
  • Occasional Constipation
    •
Associated Therapies
  • Bowel preparation therapy
  • Eye lubrication
    •
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events

Meliorate clinical conclusion support with data on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more than.

Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision back up.
Pharmacodynamics

The osmotic effect of PEG produces a copious watery diarrhea. The onset of activeness of PEG 3350 is about 1 to ii hours subsequently oral ingestion.5 The colonic transit of polyethylene glycol occurs in a dose-dependent mode.2 When used for bowel preparation earlier colonscopy, electrolytes are typically added in the oral solution to forbid dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Every bit an over-the-counter laxative, the OTC product does not contain whatever salts that can exist absorbed.4 In a written report involving healthy subjects, PEG 3350 had negligible furnishings on colonic fluid absorption or with the ability of the colonic mucosa to generate and sustain steep electrochemical gradients.3

Machinery of activity

Osmotic laxatives incorporate substances that are poorly absorbable and draw water into the lumen of the bowel.9 Polyethylene glycol functions is an osmotic laxative that causes increased water retention in the lumen of the colon by binding to water molecules, thereby producing loose stools.4,v

Assimilation

Following a two-solar day split-dosing regimen of an oral suspension containing 140 grams of PEG 3350 in healthy subjects, the hateful Cmax was two.seven mcg/mL and the mean Tmax was iii hours.5 Typically, polyethylene glycols with a high molecular weight are poorly absorbed from the alimentary canal following oral administration.ii,3

Book of distribution

Following a two-day divide-dosing regimen of an oral suspension containing 140 grams of PEG 3350 in healthy subjects, the hateful volume of distribution was 48,481 L.5

Protein binding

There is express information on the protein bounden contour of polyethylene glycols.

Metabolism

Polyethylene glycol is a metabolically inert laxative that does non undergo intestinal enzymatic deposition or bacterial metabolism.ane,4

Route of elimination

Following administration of an oral suspension containing 140 grams of PEG 3350 in healthy subjects, upwards to 85% to 99% of the compound was excreted in the feces.5

Half-life

Following a two-day split-dosing regimen of an oral suspension containing 140 grams of PEG 3350 in salubrious subjects, the mean one-half life was 4.ane hours.5

Clearance

There is limited information on the clearance rate of polyethylene glycols.

Adverse Furnishings

Improve decision back up & inquiry outcomes

With structured adverse effects information, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates.

Improve conclusion support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects information.
Toxicity

The oral LDl of PEG 3350 in rats is 22000 mg/kg.x

There is limited clinical data on the overdose of polyethylene glycols. Based on the pharmacological activeness of the chemical compound, severe diarrhea may exist suspected. Overdose of polyethylene glycols should exist responded with symptomatic and supportive intendance.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Furnishings/ADRs
Non Bachelor
Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the aid of a healthcare provider. If y'all believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily hateful no interactions exist.

  • Approved
  • Vet approved
  • Nutraceutical
  • Illicit
  • Withdrawn
  • Investigational
  • Experimental
  • All Drugs
Drug Interaction

Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software
Acetazolamide The hazard or severity of adverse effects can exist increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Polyethylene glycol.
Aclidinium The therapeutic efficacy of Polyethylene glycol tin can be decreased when used in combination with Aclidinium.
Alfentanil The therapeutic efficacy of Polyethylene glycol can be decreased when used in combination with Alfentanil.
Alloin The run a risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Polyethylene glycol is combined with Alloin.
Almasilate The therapeutic efficacy of Polyethylene glycol tin be decreased when used in combination with Almasilate.
Aluminium phosphate The therapeutic efficacy of Polyethylene glycol tin can be decreased when used in combination with Aluminium phosphate.
Aluminum hydroxide The therapeutic efficacy of Polyethylene glycol can exist decreased when used in combination with Aluminum hydroxide.
Amantadine The therapeutic efficacy of Polyethylene glycol can exist decreased when used in combination with Amantadine.
Amiloride The take chances or severity of adverse effects tin exist increased when Amiloride is combined with Polyethylene glycol.
Amiodarone The therapeutic efficacy of Polyethylene glycol tin can be decreased when used in combination with Amiodarone.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid booze. Withdrawing from alcohol increases the run a risk of seizures, which is also caused by the drug.
  • Avert milk and dairy products.
  • Avoid solid foods. Consume only clear liquids from the outset of drug treatment until after the colonoscopy.
    •

Drug product information from 10+ global regions

Our datasets provide approved production information including:
dosage, grade, labeller, route of assistants, and marketing menstruum.

Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key
Polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether N72LMW566G Not Available Not applicable
International/Other Brands
Fortrans / GlycoLax / TriLyte
Brand Name Prescription Products
Proper name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Kickoff Marketing Stop Region Image
Gialax Kit 1 k/1g Oral Phlight Pharma, Llc 2011-10-01 Not applicable US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 NF PEGyLAX Pulverization, for solution 17 grand/17g Oral Martin Ekwealor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2013-12-sixteen Not applicable US flag
Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Force Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Paradigm
Gavilax Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral Directrx 2015-01-01 Not applicable US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Pulverization, for solution 17 grand/17g Oral Lake Erie Medical & Surgical Supply DBA Quality Care Products LLC 2006-09-06 2020-01-22 US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Pulverization, for solution 17 m/17g Oral Primal Wellness 2006-05-24 2020-07-31 US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Powder, for solution 17 one thousand/one Oral Nexgen Pharma, Inc. 2006-09-27 Not applicable US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Powder, for solution 17 chiliad/17g Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals,inc. 2006-09-06 2021-07-31 US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Powder 1 g/1g Oral Lannett Visitor, Inc.. 2011-10-01 Not applicative US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Pulverisation, for solution 17 g/17g Oral bryant ranch prepack 2019-03-27 Not applicable US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Pulverisation, for solution 17 one thousand/1 Oral Heritage Pharmaceuticals Inc. d/b/a Avet Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2011-09-28 2011-09-29 US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Pulverisation 1 g/1g Oral AvKARE, Inc. 2013-07-05 2018-11-02 US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Powder 1 yard/1g Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2004-ten-07 Not applicable US flag
Over the Counter Products
Proper name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing First Marketing Terminate Region Paradigm
Bones Care Clearlax Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral L. Perrigo Visitor 2017-08-x Not applicable US flag
Basic Intendance Clearlax Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral Amazon.com Services LLC 2020-06-22 Non applicable US flag
Berkley and Jensen Clearlax Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral BJWC 2009-12-17 Not applicable US flag
BET-R-Prep Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral Satius Pharmaceuticals, Llc 2017-11-27 Non applicable US flag
Intendance One Clearlax Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral American Sales Company 2009-10-09 Non applicative US flag
Clarilax Powder, for solution one chiliad / yard Oral Pharmascience Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada flag
Articulate Lax Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral Meijer Distribution 2009-10-06 2013-10-xix US flag
Articulate Lax Pulverisation, for solution 17 g/17g Oral H E B 2009-10-08 Not applicable US flag
Articulate Lax Pulverization, for solution 17 g/17g Oral Meijer Distribution Inc 2017-07-12 Non applicable US flag
Clear Lax Powder, for solution 17 g/17g Oral Meijer Distribution Inc 2009-10-06 Not applicative US flag
Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Offset Marketing End Region Image
Aquasite Dps Polyethylene glycol (.ii %) + Dextran 70 (.1 %) Solution / drops Ophthalmic Ciba Vision 1993-12-31 2000-xi-08 Canada flag
Bi-peglyte Polyethylene glycol (59.55 g / sachet) + Bisacodyl (5 mg / tab) + Potassium chloride (0.76 thousand / sachet) + Sodium bicarbonate (1.69 g / sachet) + Sodium chloride (one.46 g / sachet) + Sodium sulfate (5.74 g / sachet) Kit; Powder, for solution; Tablet, delayed release Oral Pendopharm Division Of Pharmascience Inc 2010-06-06 Not applicable Canada flag
Clenz-Lyte Polyethylene glycol (236 thou/4L) + Potassium chloride (2.97 thou/4L) + Sodium bicarbonate (6.74 g/4L) + Sodium chloride (five.86 g/4L) + Sodium sulfate (22.74 yard/4L) Pulverization, for solution Nasogastric; Oral Paddock Laboratories, Inc. 2010-06-07 2010-06-07 US flag
Colyte Polyethylene glycol (240 g/4L) + Potassium chloride (2.98 thou/4L) + Sodium bicarbonate (6.72 g/4L) + Sodium chloride (5.84 g/4L) + Sodium sulfate decahydrate (22.72 g/4L) Powder, for solution Nasogastric MEDA Pharmaceuticals 2014-08-05 2021-09-30 US flag
Colyte Polyethylene glycol (227.1 m/3.785L) + Potassium chloride (two.82 g/three.785L) + Sodium bicarbonate (6.36 g/3.785L) + Sodium chloride (v.53 k/3.785L) + Sodium sulfate decahydrate (21.five g/iii.785L) Powder, for solution Nasogastric; Oral Alaven Pharmaceutical 2010-09-01 2016-05-31 US flag
Colyte Polyethylene glycol (857.69 mg / g) + Potassium chloride (ten.65 mg / g) + Sodium bicarbonate (24.02 mg / k) + Sodium chloride (twenty.87 mg / g) + Sodium sulfate (81.2 mg / thousand) Powder, for solution Nasogastric; Oral Pendopharm Segmentation Of Pharmascience Inc 1986-12-31 Not applicable Canada flag
Colyte with flavour packs Polyethylene glycol (240 g/4L) + Potassium chloride (2.98 g/4L) + Sodium bicarbonate (six.72 m/4L) + Sodium chloride (5.84 g/4L) + Sodium sulfate decahydrate (22.72 thou/4L) Pulverisation, for solution Nasogastric; Oral Alaven Pharmaceutical 1999-04-07 2016-08-31 US flag
Electropeg Solution Polyethylene glycol (238.8 g / 277 g) + Potassium chloride (three yard / 277 one thousand) + Sodium bicarbonate (6.7 g / 277 one thousand) + Sodium chloride (five.8 k / 277 g) + Sodium sulfate (22.7 g / 277 thou) Pulverisation Oral Technilab Pharma Inc. 1998-04-20 1999-09-27 Canada flag
ENDOFALK TOZ İÇEREN SAŞE, 72 SAŞE Polyethylene glycol (52.5 thousand) + Potassium chloride (0.185 g) + Sodium bicarbonate (0.715 one thousand) + Sodium chloride (i.4 k) Powder Oral ALİ RAİF İLAÇ SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey flag
ENDOFALK TOZ İÇEREN SAŞE, 8 SAŞE Polyethylene glycol (52.five g) + Potassium chloride (0.185 grand) + Sodium bicarbonate (0.715 g) + Sodium chloride (ane.iv grand) Powder Oral ALİ RAİF İLAÇ SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-xiv Not applicable Turkey flag
Unapproved/Other Products
Proper name Ingredients Dosage Road Labeller Marketing Commencement Marketing End Region Image
Gialax Polyethylene glycol (ane 1000/1g) Kit Oral Phlight Pharma, Llc 2011-10-01 Not applicable US flag
GOLYTELY BAGIRSAK TEMIZLEME TOZU, 4 Fifty Polyethylene glycol (236 g/4L) Pulverization Oral AVİCENNA FARMA DIŞ TİC. VE PAZ. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey flag
PCP 100 Kit Polyethylene glycol (17 g/17g) + Bisacodyl (five mg/1) + Magnesium citrate (1.745 g/29.6mL) + Metoclopramide hydrochloride (x mg/1) + Petrolatum (0.76 g/1g) Kit Oral Asclemed Usa, Inc. 2014-01-02 Not applicable US flag
Peg Polyethylene glycol (55 g/100g) + Polyethylene glycol 400 (45 1000/100g) Cream Topical Biocellerex, Inc. 2015-07-xiv 2016-01-05 US flag
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 NF PEGyLAX Polyethylene glycol (17 g/17g) Powder, for solution Oral Martin Ekwealor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2013-12-16 Not applicable US flag
ATC Codes
A06AD15 — Macrogol
  • A06AD — Osmotically acting laxatives
  • A06A — DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION
  • A06 — DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION
  • A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
A06AD65 — Macrogol, combinations
  • A06AD — Osmotically acting laxatives
  • A06A — DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION
  • A06 — DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION
  • A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
Drug Categories
  • Alcohols
  • Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
  • Compounds used in a inquiry, industrial, or household setting
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Drugs for Constipation
  • Electrolytes
  • Ethylene Glycols
  • Excipients
  • Gastrointestinal Agents
  • Glycols
  • Laxatives
  • Macromolecular Substances
  • Osmotic Activeness
  • Osmotic Laxatives
  • P-glycoprotein inhibitors
  • Pegylated agents
  • Pharmaceutic Aids
  • Pharmaceutical Preparations
  • Pharmaceutical Vehicles
  • Polyethylene Glycols
  • Polymers
  • Solvents
  • Stimulation Large Intestine Fluid/Electrolyte Secretion
  • Surface-Active Agents
    •
Nomenclature
Non classified
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
UNII
3WJQ0SDW1A
CAS number
25322-68-iii
General References
  1. Hammer HF, Hammer J, Gasche C: [Polyethylene glycol (Macrogol)--an overview of its utilize in diagnosis and therapy of gastrointestinal diseases]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2000 Jan 28;112(2):53-threescore. [Commodity]
  2. Minguez M, Lopez Higueras A, Judez J: Use of polyethylene glycol in functional constipation and fecal impaction. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2016 Dec;108(12):790-806. doi: 10.17235/reed.2016.4571/2016. [Article]
  3. Fordtran JS, Hofmann AF: Seventy Years of Polyethylene Glycols in Gastroenterology: The Journey of PEG 4000 and 3350 From Nonabsorbable Marker to Colonoscopy Preparation to Osmotic Laxative. Gastroenterology. 2017 Mar;152(4):675-680. doi: ten.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.027. Epub 2017 January 29. [Article]
  4. Portalatin M, Winstead Northward: Medical management of constipation. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2012 Mar;25(1):12-9. doi: x.1055/southward-0032-1301754. [Article]
  5. PLENVU (polyethylene glycol 3350, sodium sulfate, ascorbic acid, sodium chloride and potassium chloride for oral solution) US FDA 2018 Label [Link]
  6. PegaLAX (polyethylene glycol 3350) 2017 Canadian Prescribing Information [Link]
  7. NCBI StatPearls [Internet]: Bowel Preparation [Link]
  8. DailyMed Characterization: GAVILAX (Polyethylene glycol 3350) powder, for solution [Link]
  9. Laxatives - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf [Link]
  10. Spectrum Chemic: POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350 Prophylactic Data Sheet [Link]
KEGG Drug
D03370
PubChem Substance
347910429
RxNav
1310594
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1201478
Wikipedia
Polyethylene_glycol
FDA characterization
MSDS
Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count
four Completed Not Bachelor Colonoscopy 1
4 Completed Bones Science Constipation - Functional / Irritable Bowel Syndrome Characterized past Constipation 1
4 Completed Diagnostic Colon Adenomas / Colon Lesions / Colon Polyps 1
4 Completed Diagnostic Colonoscopy 1
four Completed Diagnostic Colonoscopy Preparation 1
four Completed Diagnostic Endoscopy 1
four Completed Diagnostic Polyethylene Glycol / Sodium Phosphate 1
4 Completed Other Chronic Constipation 1
4 Completed Other Cleansing Quality of the Colon ane
iv Completed Other Small Bowel Diseases ane
Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms
Form Route Force
Kit; powder, for solution; tablet, delayed release Oral
Powder, for solution Oral ane.685 g
Pulverization, for solution Oral 100 g
Pulverization, for solution Oral four G
Solution Oral 500 MG/ML
Solution Oral
Powder, for solution Oral 1 g / g
Powder, for solution Oral 100 %
Pulverization, for solution Topical 17 g/1
Powder, for solution Oral 64 g
Powder, for solution Oral 86.85001 m
Powder, for solution Nasogastric
Powder, for pause Oral 100 g
Pulverization
Pulverisation Topical 17 chiliad/17g
Pulverisation Oral
Pulverisation Oral 17 g/17g
Powder, for solution Oral 99.59 thou
Powder, for solution Oral
Powder, for solution Oral ten g
Granule, for solution Oral 64 yard
Kit Oral one g/1g
Powder, for solution Nasogastric; Oral
Pulverisation Oral
Pulverisation, for solution Oral 17 g / dose
Powder, for solution Oral 17 g
Gel Nasal
Aerosol, metered Nasal
Powder, for solution Oral 5.9 G
Pulverisation, for solution Oral 13.125 one thousand
Pulverization, for solution Oral thirteen.125 M
Solution, concentrate Oral 13.9 M/25ML
Injection, solution, concentrate Oral
Kit Oral
Solution Oral
Powder, for solution Oral 105 g
Solution, concentrate Oral
Powder, for solution Oral 10 1000
Cream Topical
Powder, for solution Oral 100 % west/due west
Powder Oral 238.33 g
Liquid Oral
Pulverization, for suspension Oral 17 g/17g
Powder Oral 1 g/1g
Pulverization, for solution Oral 1 chiliad/1g
Powder, for solution Oral 17 thousand/ane
Pulverisation, for solution Oral 60 yard/1L
Powder, for solution Oral 17 g/1d
Powder, for solution Oral 17 g/1g
Powder, for solution Oral 17 thousand/17g
Pulverization, for solution Oral
Spray, metered Nasal
Gel Topical
Spray Nasal
Powder, for solution Oral 2950 mg
Solution / drops Ophthalmic
Liquid Ophthalmic
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region
US7291324 No 2007-xi-06 2022-10-22 US flag
US7169381 No 2007-01-30 2024-09-01 US flag
US7658914 No 2010-02-09 2024-09-01 US flag
US9326969 No 2016-05-03 2033-09-10 US flag
US9592252 No 2017-03-14 2032-08-11 US flag
US9707297 No 2017-07-eighteen 2033-09-x US flag
US8999313 No 2015-04-07 2033-09-10 US flag
US10016504 No 2018-07-ten 2033-09-10 US flag
US10646512 No 2020-05-12 2032-03-25 US flag
US10792306 No 2020-x-06 2032-03-09 US flag
US10780112 No 2020-09-22 2032-03-09 US flag
US10918723 No 2021-02-16 2033-09-x US flag
Country
Solid
Experimental Properties
Holding Value Source
melting point (°C) 58-61 MSDS
boiling indicate (°C) >200 MSDS
Predicted Properties
Not Available
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available
Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
Not Bachelor

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

No

Actions

Inhibitor

General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase action
Specific Office
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Shen Q, Lin Y, Handa T, Doi M, Sugie M, Wakayama M, Okada N, Fujita T, Yamamoto A: Modulation of intestinal P-glycoprotein function by polyethylene glycols and their derivatives by in vitro transport and in situ assimilation studies. Int J Pharm. 2006 Apr 26;313(1-2):49-56. doi: x.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.020. Epub 2006 February 24. [Article]
  2. Wang SW, Monagle J, McNulty C, Putnam D, Chen H: Determination of P-glycoprotein inhibition by excipients and their combinations using an integrated high-throughput process. J Pharm Sci. 2004 Nov;93(xi):2755-67. doi: 10.1002/jps.20183. [Article]
  3. Werle M: Natural and synthetic polymers equally inhibitors of drug efflux pumps. Pharm Res. 2008 Mar;25(three):500-xi. doi: ten.1007/s11095-007-9347-8. Epub 2007 Sep 26. [Article]

Drug created at October 29, 2015 xviii:17 / Updated at April 21, 2022 21:18